1、3rd Quarter 2022|BulletinTRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Shutterstock2TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIAGEORGIA AND TRKIYE SIGN AMENDMENTS TO THEIR FREE TRADE AGREEMENTGeorgia and Trkiye signed amendments

2、to their Free Trade Agreement on 9 September 2022.As a result,Georgia will obtain new preferences for its exports to Trkiye.Once in effect,exports from Georgia to Trkiye will be permitted within a zero-rate quota regime for the following commodities:live animals,beef,green tea,dry fruit,kiwifruit,le

3、mons,canned tomatoes and food ingredients.In addition,Trkiye will also increase import quotas for honey,apples and wine.The Free Trade Agreement between Georgia and Trkiye first came into force on 1 November 2008.newsgeorgia.geBILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS33rd Quarter 2022|BulletinROADMAP FOR COOPERATI

4、ON IN AGRICULTURE SIGNED BY AZERBAIJAN AND UZBEKISTANUZBEKISTAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION SIGN AN ENHANCED PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENTA roadmap for cooperation in agriculture between Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan was signed at the first meeting of the Organization of Turkic States Ministers of Ag

5、riculture,held on 5 July 2022 in Uzbekistan.The roadmap provides the basis for an exchange of experiences between the two countries in the areas of agricultural insurance systems,digitalization of agriculture,state support measures for agriculture,as well as on the establishment of a joint venture o

6、n silk farming.A new Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement(EPCA)between the European Union and Uzbekistan was signed in Brussels on 6 July 2022.The agreement provides for political dialogue and cooperation in areas such as democracy,human rights,promotion of cultural relations,financial and

7、 technical cooperation,investments,trade in goods and services,and intellectual property protection.The agreement will contribute to the further integration of Uzbekistan into the multilateral trading system,strengthening the mechanisms of a market economy,increasing the confidence and interest in t

8、he country of foreign investors and business circles,and will also open up new opportunities for domestic producers,including agricultural,for trade cooperation with partners from the EU countries.The agreement creates a full-fledged mechanism for comprehensive discussions between the European Union

9、 and Uzbekistan,including in the areas of trade and economic cooperation.azertag.azuzreport.newsINTERNATIONAL COOPERATION4TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIAEAEU AND UZBEKISTAN EXPAND THE AREAS OF THEIR COOPERATIONCOOPERATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR,UZ

10、BEKISTAN AND INDIAUKRAINE AND POLAND TO BUILD A PIPELINE FOR TRANSPORTING VEGETABLE OILAn expansion of the list of areas of cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union(EAEU)and Uzbekistan was signed on 12 July 2022.The document includes gradual harmonization of approaches in the area of customs

11、cooperation including with regard to goods in transit technical regulations,and sanitary,phytosanitary and veterinary standards.The expanded list also covers cooperation in the areas of digitalization of cargo transportation,the climate agenda,electronic commerce,Uzbekistans participation in the Eur

12、asian Agroexpress project,as well as in other areas.Uzbekistan and India held negotiations to promote their mutual cooperation in the agricultural sector.They agreed to mutually facilitate access of agricultural products to markets of the two countries.Uzbekistan agreed to provide phytosanitary perm

13、its for the import from India of six commodities including bananas,mango,soya and rice.India is considering the possibility of granting permits for Uzbek grapes,pomegranates,apples,persimmons,chili peppers,tomatoes,almonds,and watermelons.Early in September,the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food o

14、f Ukraine,the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine,the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Poland,and the Ministry of Infrastructure of the Republic of Poland signed a four-way memorandum for a project to construct an international pipeline to transport Ukrainian vegeta

15、ble oil through P.uaINTERNATIONAL COOPERATION53rd Quarter 2022|BulletinTRADE POLICY AND DOMESTIC SUPPORT MEASURES IN JULY SEPTEMBER 2022COUNTRYMEASURE CATEGORYPUBLICATION DATEDESCRIPTIONAzerbaijanSubsidies21 July 2022The President of Azerbaijan approved measures aimed at increasing the level of self

16、-sufficiency for wheat.According to the Decree“On measures to increase the level of self-sufficiency in wheat for food”,a subsidy for food grain will be applied over five years,beginning from 2023,for persons who produce food wheat using modern irrigation systems and deliver wheat to Azerbaijans Sta

17、te Reserve Agency and to flour mills according to the contract concluded with the Ministry of Agriculture.Import restriction22 August 2022To protect animals from infectious diseases and in accordance with the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE),the Food Sa

18、fety Agency of Azerbaijan introduced on 22 August 2022 a temporary restriction on imports of live poultry and hatching eggs,poultry meat,poultry meat preparations,and all types of poultry farming products containing poultry processed products(except goods subjected to thermal treatment ensuring dest

19、ruction of the avian influenza virus),poultry feed and feed additives,and equipment used for poultry maintenance,slaughtering and processing,as well as live poultry on transit through the territory of Azerbaijan.BelarusExport ban7 July 2022The Council of Ministers of Belarus adopted the Resolution N

20、o.446“On imposition of a temporary ban on export of some product categories”on 6 July 2022.The ban applies to export of wheat flour,coarse buckwheat groats,buckwheat grain,and prepared food products of buckwheat.The ban is imposed on exports of the above-listed commodities from Belarus to other EAEU

21、 members,irrespective of their country of origin.The Council of Ministers Resolution took effect on 6 July 2022 for a duration of three months.Import permission8 September 2022Belarus eased the ban on imports imposed in early 2022 on some food products(meat of bovine animals,poultry meat,meat of swi

22、ne,milk and dairy produce,fruit and nuts,sausages,confectionery,salt,and vegetables)in response to the sanctions,by adopting a new resolution which allows imports of clementines,kiwifruit,Peking cabbage,and celery stalks into Belarus from Australia,Albania,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nor

23、thern Ireland,the European Union,Iceland,Canada,Liechtenstein,Macedonia,Norway,New Zealand,the United States of America,Montenegro,and Switzerland,beginning from 12 September 2022.GeorgiaExport ban1 July 2022The Government of Georgia introduced,as of 4 July 2022,a ban on exports of domestically prod

24、uced wheat and barley.The ban will remain in force for 12 months.These measures have been introduced to avoid a shortage of agricultural products in the countrys domestic market.6TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIATRADE POLICY AND DOMESTIC SUPPORT MEASURE

25、S IN JULY SEPTEMBER 2022KazakhstanExport ban25 July 2022Kazakhstan has extended its ban on exports of bovine animals(EAEU FEA CN code 0102),and live sheep and goats(EAEU FEA CN code 0104)for six months as from August 2022 with the aim to hold down the prices of meat products,increase herd size,and p

26、rovide domestically produced raw commodities to domestic meat-processing plants.Import restriction13 September 2022The Committee of Veterinary Control and Surveillance under Kazakhstans Ministry of Agriculture has introduced temporary restrictions on imports of poultry farming products from the Russ

27、ian Federations Saratov oblast territory as of 13 September 2022 because of avian influenza.The restrictions apply to the following commodities:live poultry and hatching eggs;down and feather;poultry meat and all poultry farming products not subjected to thermal treatment(at no less than 70);poultry

28、 feed and feed additives(except food additives of plant origin,chemical and microbiological synthesis);hunting trophies not subjected to taxidermy(feathered game);and second-hand equipment for poultry maintenance,slaughtering and butchering.Lifting of export quotas14 September 2022Kazakhstan has lif

29、ted,as of 14 September 2022,export quotas for wheat and wheat flour that were imposed on 14 April and extended on 15 July 2022 with the objective to ensure food security.Republic of MoldovaImport tariff quotas18 July 2022The European Unions zero import quotas for Moldavian fruit and vegetables have

30、been increased,namely:plums from 15 000 to 40 000 tonnes,grapes from 20 000 to 58 000 tonnes,apples from 40 000 to 80 000 tonnes,grape juice from 500 to 1 000 tonnes,cherries from 1 500 to 3 000 tonnes,tomatoes from 2 000 to 4 000 tonnes,garlic from 220 to 440 tonnes.The increase of import quotas is

31、 part of the EUs measures to support the Republic of Moldova to face the crisis related to the war in Ukraine as well as the impact of an embargo imposed by the Russian Federation on Moldavian fruit exports as of 15 August 2022.Value-added tax6 September 2022On 5 September 2022,the Commission on Eme

32、rgencies of the Republic of Moldova decided that value-added tax on export and re-export of sunflower oil would be refunded again,thereby cancelling the Commissions decision of 18 May 2022.73rd Quarter 2022|BulletinRussian FederationExport duty1 July 2022Russian Federation authorities have converted

33、 the grain export duty calculations from US dollars to Russian roubles,according to a governmental resolution.The basic price for calculation of the wheat export duty is now 15 000 roubles per tonne instead of USD 200.Corridor for exporting22 July 2022Representatives of the Russian Federation,Trkiye

34、 and the United Nations Secretary-General signed the agreement under the UN-brokered Black Sea Trade Initiative to reintroduce exports of grain and foodstuff from three Ukrainian ports in the Black Sea on 22 July 2022.Also on the same date,the agreement was signed between Ukraine,Trkiye and the Unit

35、ed Nations Secretary-General(see below).Import ban10 August 2022The Russian Federation has introduced a ban on imports of crop products from the Republic of Moldova as of 15 August 2022 due to phytosanitary measures.It applies to fruit,vegetables and cereals.Export duty31 August 2022The validity per

36、iod of the export duty on soybeans used for production of feeds in animal farming in the Russian Federation will be extended for two years,until 31 August 2024.Export ban8 August 2022The Russian Federation introduced an export ban on rape seeds from 8 September until 28 February 2023.UkraineCorridor

37、 for exporting22 July 2022Representatives of Ukraine,Trkiye and the United Nations Secretary-General have signed the agreement concerning the Black Sea Trade Initiative on the safe transportation of grain and foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports on 22 July 2022 in Trkiye.The Initiative is to establish a

38、corridor for exports of agricultural products from three Ukrainian ports.Subsidies5 September 2022Applications are being accepted from farmers under a new smallholder support programme totalling more than UAH 1.5 billion(EUR 50 million).The programme is financed by the European Unions.Under the term

39、s of the programme,the funds will be provided to agricultural producers who cultivate from 1 to 120 hectares of agricultural land and/or keep from 3 to 100 cows.The distribution of these funds takes place online through the State Agrarian Register of Ukraine(dar.gov.ua).88TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE

40、COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIAIn the first six months of 2022,amid the growing uncertainty in world agricultural markets in light of the unfolding war in Ukraine,the value of both agrifood exports and imports increased in most countries of the Eastern Europe,Caucasus and Centr

41、al Asia(EECCA)region due to the rapidly growing prices of food and the gradual lifting of restrictions by countries introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic.A year-on-year decline of agrifood exports and imports was recorded in Ukraine driven by a combination of destroyed transport infrastructure,sea

42、port closures,production shortfalls,as well as export bans and other export restrictions on a range of staples.Despite the disruptions caused by the war,the country remained a net exporter of agrifood products.The following analysis provides a comparison of agrifood trade flows in EECCA countries in

43、 the first half of 2022 with the same period in previous years.1ARMENIAArmenias agrifood exports were 37 percent higher in January-June 2022,compared to the same period a year earlier,reaching USD 489 million.The higher year-on-year exports reflect increased shipments of vegetables,beverages and spi

44、rits to the Russian Federation and nuts and seeds to Georgia.Imports of agrifood products were 47 percent higher year-on-year,amounting to USD 547 million.The higher agrifood imports were driven by increased grain imports from the Russian Federation,animal feed from various destinations,and chicken

45、cuts from the Russian Federation and the USA.January-JuneJanuary-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/3-years avg.(Jan-Jun)aUSD millionsChange,%Export4923719Import5474747Source:based on the TDM data.a The years are 2019,2020,2021.1 Only countries with the data available for the first 6 months(January-Jun

46、e)of 2022 are included in this review.TDM does not publish trade data for Tajikistan or Turkmenistan,and mirror data for the first half of 2022 does not reflect these countries total trade flows since trade with the Russian Federation is missing for this period in TDM.AGRIFOOD TRADE IN EECCA-JANUARY

47、-JUNE 202293rd Quarter 2022|BulletinGEORGIAIn Georgia,in January-June 2022,agrifood exports were 2 percent higher than a year earlier and 21 percent above the average of the previous three years,amounting to USD 502 million.The country increased exports of animal feed,live animals,and meat.Exports o

48、f alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages a major category of exports were 14 percent below the level in January-June 2021.This drop is mainly underpinned by reduced exports to the Russian Federation and Ukraine.Agrifood imports were 31 percent higher in January-June 2022 compared to the same period i

49、n 2021,reaching USD 782 million.In particular,the country increased its import of wheat flour from the Russian Federation due to the export duty imposed by the Russian Federation on exports of wheat grain,which pushed Georgian importers to purchase wheat flour instead.There was also an increase in i

50、mports of fruits from Turkey and meat(pork)from Brazil.January-JuneJanuary-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/3-years avg.(Jan-Jun)USD millionsChange,%Export502221Import7823136Source:based on the TDM data10TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIAKAZAKHSTANKazakhs

51、tan increased agrifood exports by 34 percent in January-June of 2022,compared to the same period a year earlier.Driven by high agricultural commodity prices,exports of agrifood products reached USD 2.6 billion in the first six months of 2022 substantially higher than the levels in previous years.The

52、 growth of exports mainly reflects the increased value of exports of wheat and flour,fats and oils due to the rising prices and growing demand in global markets for main staples.However,to ensure domestic availability of food,Kazakhstan introduced quotas for wheat and wheat flour exports from 14 Apr

53、il until 15 June 2022.The quotas were later extended through 30 September 2022.The total size of the quotas for 2022 were 1 million tonnes for wheat and 670 000 tonnes for wheat flour.As of 10 September 2022,the Grain Union of Kazakhstan reported that 83 percent of the wheat export quota and 66 perc

54、ent of the wheat flour quota had been utilized.From 14 September 2022,the Government of Kazakhstan suspended wheat and wheat flour export quotas.Imports of agrifood products in January-June of 2022 increased by 26 percent compared to a year earlier,reaching USD 2.7 billion.The growth of agrifood imp

55、orts was underpinned by higher imported volumes of sunflower and rape seeds from the Russian Federation which was five times above the level of last year.Also,Kazakhstans imports of Russian wheat were almost double in January-June 2022 compared to the same period a year earlier,supported by higher i

56、mported volumes in the first three months(January-March)of 2022,before the wheat export ban introduced by the Russian Federation.January-JuneJanuary-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/3-years avg.(Jan-Jun)USD millionsChange,%Export26433453Import27202641Source:based on the TDM data113rd Quarter 2022|Bul

57、letinKYRGYZSTANIn Kyrgyzstan,agrifood exports reached USD 211 million in January-June 2022,up 46 percent from the same period in 2021.The higher exports reflect increased supplies of fruits,onion,and root vegetables to the Russian Federation and live animals to Uzbekistan.Agrifood imports in the fir

58、st quarter of 2022 were 13 percent higher year-on-year,amounting to USD414million,supported by elevated food prices.Driven by higher shipments in January-March,imports of wheat from the Russian Federation in the first half of 2022 amounted to 42 000 tonnes almost three times above the level in 2021.

59、Wheat imports dropped to zero from April to June after the Russian Federation introduced the wheat export ban.Imports of wheat from Kazakhstan,which introduced wheat and wheat flour export quotas in April 2022,were 16 times below the level of 2021,while the volume of wheat flour imports was one thir

60、d of last years level.January-JuneJanuary-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/2-years avg.a(Jan-Jun)USD millionsChange,%Export2114659Import414 1332Source:based on the TDM data Note:the data for Kyrgyzstan is available from 2020.a The earliest year available for Kyrgyzstan in TDM is 2019,hence it is 2020

61、 and 2021 average.12TRADE POLICY REVIEW IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE,CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIAUKRAINEIn Ukraine,amid the unfolding war since February 2022,agrifood exports were 6 percent lower in the first half of 2022 than the year earlier,amounting to USD 10.2 billion.The main reasons for th

62、e decline are seaport closures and destroyed infrastructure,combined with export bans and other export restrictions on a range of staples.Agrifood exports,in particular of grains,have improved following the entry into force of the Black Sea Grain Initiative agreement,which was signed on July 22 and

63、allows grain and other foodstuff exports from three Black Sea ports in Ukraine.By 15 October 2022,almost 7.5 million tonnes of grain and other foodstuffs were shipped from Ukraine under this agreement.Agrifood imports declined by 24 percent year-on-year in January-June 2022,falling 11 percent below

64、the three-year average,amounting to USD 2.7 billion.The decline is driven by low demand due to economic recession and millions of people leaving the country during the war,destruction of transport infrastructure,seaport closures,and military operations in the territory of Ukraine.January-JuneJanuary

65、-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/3-years avg.(Jan-Jun)USD millionsChange,%Export10248-6-2Import2784-24-11Source:based on the TDM data133rd Quarter 2022|BulletinUZBEKISTANUzbekistan exported agrifood products valued USD 805 million in January-June 2022.Unlike most other countries in the region,agrifo

66、od exports remained largely unchanged compared to 2021 and 9 percent below the previous three-year average.On the contrary,agrifood imports were 32 percent higher year-on-year in January-June 2022.The total value of agrifood imports was USD 1.9 billion.To support imports of essential staples,the gov

67、ernment lifted import duties on wheat flour,vegetable oils and other products as of January 2022,and introduced VAT exemption for meat and butter imports.January-JuneJanuary-June 20222022/2021(Jan-Jun)2022/3-years avg.(Jan-Jun)USD millionsChange,%Export8050-9Import19053266Source:based on the TDM dat

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