1、What is Landscape Architecture?By ASLAUnit11AlthoughthetermlandscapearchitecturewasinventedbyaScotsman(GilbertLaingMeason,in1828),itwasanAmerican(FrederickLawOlmsted)whogavebirthtothelandscapearchitectureprofession.WeshouldthereforepaycloseattentiontothedefinitionoftheprofessiongivenbytheAmericanSoc

2、ietyofLandscapeArchitects(ASLA).Itwasasfollows:盡管“風(fēng)景園林”這個(gè)術(shù)語是由蘇格蘭人GL梅森于1828年創(chuàng)造的，但是風(fēng)景園林職業(yè)的誕生卻是由美國人F L奧姆斯特德促成的。因此，我們應(yīng)該更多關(guān)注由美國風(fēng)景園林師協(xié)會(huì)（ASLA）對(duì)風(fēng)景園林做出的定義。它是這樣描述的：A Profession In Demand需求量大的職業(yè)需求量大的職業(yè)2Fromcitycouncilroomstocorporateboardrooms,thereisincreasingdemandtodayfortheprofessionalservicesoflandscapear

3、chitects.Thistrendreflectsthepublicsdesireforbetterhousing,recreationalandcommercialfacilities,anditsexpandedconcernforenvironmentalprotection.Residentialandcommercialrealestatedevelopers,federalandstateagencies,cityplanningcommissions,andindividualpropertyownersareallamongthethousandsofpeopleandorg

4、anizationsinAmericaandCanadathatwillretaintheservicesofalandscapearchitectthisyear.當(dāng)前，從市政部門到公司企業(yè)，對(duì)于職業(yè)風(fēng)景園林師的需求的越來越多。這個(gè)趨勢反映了公眾對(duì)居住環(huán)境、娛樂和商業(yè)設(shè)施更優(yōu)化的需求，以及由其引起的對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的關(guān)注。美國和加拿大今年就有數(shù)千個(gè)居住和商業(yè)地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商、國家和州機(jī)構(gòu)、城市規(guī)劃委員會(huì)，以及個(gè)人地產(chǎn)所有者請(qǐng)風(fēng)景園林師為他們提供服務(wù)。 Morethananyoftheothermajorenvironmentaldesignprofessions,landscapearchitectur

5、eisaprofessiononthemove.Itiscomprehensivebydefinition-nolessthantheartandscienceofanalysis,planningdesign,management,preservationandrehabilitationoftheland.Inprovidingwell-manageddesignanddevelopmentplans,landscapearchitectsofferanessentialarrayofservicesandexpertisethatreducescostsandaddslong-termv

6、aluetoaproject.比起其他任何專業(yè)的環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)，風(fēng)景園林都是發(fā)展較最快的職業(yè)。從定義來看，它具有復(fù)雜性至少包括藝術(shù)、科學(xué)分析、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、管理、土地保護(hù)和恢復(fù)等。風(fēng)景園林師能夠提供至關(guān)重要的專業(yè)服務(wù)，做出良好設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)方案，為項(xiàng)目減少投入并獲得長期效益。 3Cleardifferencesdoexistsbetweenlandscapearchitectureandtheotherdesignprofessions.Architectsprimarilydesignbuildingsandstructureswithspecificuses,suchashomes,offices,

7、schoolsandfactories.Civilengineersapplyscientificprinciplestothedesignofcityinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,andpublicutilities.Urbanplannersdevelopabroadoverviewofdevelopmentforentirecitiesandregions.風(fēng)景園林與其他設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)確實(shí)存在明顯的不同。建筑師主要設(shè)計(jì)具有特定功能的建筑和構(gòu)筑物，比如住宅、辦公樓、學(xué)校和工廠。市政工程師為城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施做出符合科學(xué)原理的設(shè)計(jì)，比如道路、橋梁和公共設(shè)施。城市規(guī)劃

8、師為整個(gè)城市和區(qū)域做出總體規(guī)劃策略。Landscapearchitectstouchonalltheabovementioneddesignprofessions,integratingelementsfromeachofthem.Whilehavingaworkingknowledgeofarchitecture,civilengineeringandurbanplanning,landscapearchitectstakeelementsfromeachofthesefieldstodesignaestheticandpracticalrelationshipswiththeland.風(fēng)景

9、園林師要與以上所有提及的設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)相接觸，綜合每個(gè)職業(yè)的要素。風(fēng)景園林師要具備建筑、市政工程和城市規(guī)劃的知識(shí)，并利用這些領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)從審美和實(shí)踐的角度對(duì)土地進(jìn)行規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。 A Diverse Profession多樣性高的職業(yè)多樣性高的職業(yè)4Landscapearchitectureisoneofthemostdiversifiedofthedesignprofessions.Landscapearchitectsdesignthebuiltenvironmentofneighborhoods,townsandcitieswhilealsoprotectingandmanagingthenatur

10、alenvironment,fromitsforestsandfieldstoriversandcoasts.Membersoftheprofessionhaveaspecialcommitmenttoimprovingthequalityoflifethroughthebestdesignofplacesforpeopleandotherlivingthings.風(fēng)景園林是設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)中多樣性最高的職業(yè)之一。風(fēng)景園林師設(shè)計(jì)建筑的外部環(huán)境、城鎮(zhèn)和城市環(huán)境，并保護(hù)和管理從森林、農(nóng)田到河流、海岸的自然環(huán)境。風(fēng)景園林師承擔(dān)著改善生活質(zhì)量的特殊義務(wù)，他們通過設(shè)計(jì)為人類和其他生物提供最好的生活。Infact

11、,theworkoflandscapearchitectssurroundsus.Membersoftheprofessionareinvolvedintheplanningofsuchsitesasofficeplazas,publicsquaresandthoroughfares.Theattractivenessofparks,highways,housingdevelopments,urbanplazas,zoosandcampusesreflectstheskilloflandscapearchitectsinplanninganddesigningtheconstructionof

12、usefulandpleasingprojects.實(shí)際上，風(fēng)景園林師的工作在我們身邊無處不在。他們致力于場地的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，比如公司廣場、公共廣場和道路環(huán)境等。迷人的公園、道路、居住環(huán)境、城市廣場、動(dòng)物園和校園能夠反映出風(fēng)景園林師在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)這些實(shí)用且令人愉悅的項(xiàng)目方面所具備的能力。5Fromcoasttocoast,ineveryregionoftheworld,examplesofthelandscapearchitectureprofessioncanbefound.Manylandscapearchitectsareinvolvedinsmallprojects,suchasdevelo

13、pingplansforanewcityparkorsiteplansforanofficebuilding,othermembersoftheprofessionhavecontributedtheirexpertisetonumerousprojectswhichinclude:從西海岸到東海岸，在世界的每個(gè)區(qū)域都有風(fēng)景園林的案例。一些風(fēng)景園林師致力于小型項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)，例如為新的城市公園制定開發(fā)規(guī)劃或辦公建筑進(jìn)行場地設(shè)計(jì)，還有一些風(fēng)景園林師則致力于大量大尺度的規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目，其中有：PreservationofYosemiteParkandNiagaraFallsManagementplanfor

14、theAlaskanMaritimeNationalWildlifeRefugeDesignoftheU.S.CapitolGroundsDesignofMountRoyalParkinMontreal,QuebecDevelopmentofStanfordUniversitysiteCreationofBostonsemeraldnecklaceofgreenspacestyingthecitytothesuburbsPlansforBaltimoresparksystemandInnerHarborarea約瑟米蒂國家公園和尼亞加拉大瀑布的保護(hù)阿拉斯加國家海上野生動(dòng)植物避難所管理規(guī)劃美國國

15、會(huì)大廈所在地規(guī)劃加拿大蒙特利爾、魁北克皇家山公園斯坦福大學(xué)校園規(guī)劃將城市與郊區(qū)相連的波士頓“翡翠項(xiàng)鏈”綠色空間規(guī)劃巴爾的摩公園系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)海灣規(guī)劃DesignofnewtownssuchasColumbia,Maryland,andReston,VirginiaLandfillreclamationforFreshKillsinNewYorkandDyerinFloridaPlansforGoldenGateNationalRecreationAreainSanFrancisco,CaliforniaSursumCordaAffordableHousing,Washington,D.C.Desig

16、nforwatertreatmentandparkfacilityinHillsboro,OregonMasterplanforKingSaudUniversityinSaudiArabiaRestorationofthelandscapealongtheBaltimore-WashingtonParkwayinMaryland“新鎮(zhèn)”設(shè)計(jì)，例如哥倫比亞、馬里蘭，以及弗吉尼亞的萊斯頓紐約清泉垃圾填埋場以及福羅里達(dá)州染廠景觀改造加州舊金山金門國家休閑區(qū)規(guī)劃華盛頓特區(qū)Sursum Corda區(qū)可負(fù)擔(dān)住房規(guī)劃俄勒岡州Hillsboro水體凈化和公園設(shè)計(jì)沙特阿拉伯紹德王大學(xué)總體規(guī)劃馬里蘭州巴爾的摩-華

17、盛頓公園道（景觀路）景觀恢復(fù)6Dependingonthescopeoftheprojectforclients,rangingfromalocaldevelopertothefederalgovernment,landscapearchitectsmayplantheentirearrangementofasite,includingthelocationofbuildings,grading,stormwatermanagement,constructionandplanting.Theymayalsocoordinateteamsofdesign,constructionandcontr

18、actingprofessionals.從客戶委托項(xiàng)目涉及的范圍來看，從地方開發(fā)者到聯(lián)邦政府，風(fēng)景園林師有能力規(guī)劃場地中所有的內(nèi)容，包括建筑選址、地形處理、雨水管理、施工及種植。他們還能夠協(xié)調(diào)組織包括設(shè)計(jì)、施工包工在內(nèi)的專業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。 Tracing the Professions Roots職業(yè)溯源職業(yè)溯源7Theoriginoftodaysprofessionoflandscapearchitecturecanbetracedtotheearlytreatmentsofoutdoorspacebysuccessiveancientcultures,fromPersiaandEgyptthrou

19、ghGreeceandRome.DuringtheRenaissance,thisinterestinoutdoorspace,whichhadwanedduringtheMiddleAges,wasrevivedwithsplendidresultsinItalyandgaverisetoornatevillas,gardens,andgreatoutdoorpiazzas.現(xiàn)今的風(fēng)景園林職業(yè)起源可以追溯到，從波斯和埃及直至希臘和羅馬的古代文明中，人們對(duì)室外環(huán)境的不斷改善。文藝復(fù)興期間人們對(duì)室外空間的熱愛，經(jīng)過中世紀(jì)的消退，又在意大利以輝煌的成就獲得重生，產(chǎn)生了華麗的別墅、花園和壯觀的戶外廣

20、場。8Theseprecedents,inturn,greatlyinfluencedthechateauxandurbangardensof17th-centuryFrance,wherelandscapearchitectureanddesignreachednewheightsofsophisticationandformality.Thedesignersbecamewell-known,withAndreleNotre,whodesignedthegardensatVersaillesandVaux-le-Vicomte,amongthemostfamousoftheearlyfor

21、erunnersoftodayslandscapearchitects.這些先例，反過來極大地影響了17世紀(jì)法國城堡和城市花園，法國的風(fēng)景園林和設(shè)計(jì)在復(fù)雜程度和形式上也達(dá)到了新的最高峰。設(shè)計(jì)師也因此而揚(yáng)名，就像勒.諾特爾當(dāng)今風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師最有名的早期先驅(qū)者之一，設(shè)計(jì)了凡爾賽花園和沃勒維貢特府邸花園而聞名于世8Inthe18thCentury,mostEnglishlandscapegardeners,suchasLancelotCapabilityBrown,whoremodeledthegroundsofBlenheimPalace,rejectedthegeometricemphasiso

22、ftheFrenchinfavorofimitatingtheformsofnature.18世紀(jì)，大多數(shù)英國“風(fēng)景園藝師”，拋棄了法國重視幾何的布局而采用模仿自然的形式，比如“可為”布朗，他曾對(duì)布倫海姆宮苑進(jìn)行改造。OneimportantexceptionwasSirHumphreyRepton.HereintroducedformalstructureintolandscapedesignwiththecreationofthefirstgreatpublicparksVictoriaParkinLondon(1845)andBirkenheadParkinLiverpool(1847)

23、.Inturn,thesetwoparkswouldgreatlyinfluencethedevelopmentoflandscapearchitectureintheUnitedStatesandCanada.其中有一個(gè)重要特例雷普頓。他在第一個(gè)大型公園倫敦維多利亞公園（1845年）和利物浦伯肯黑德公園（1847年）中，再次將規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)引入風(fēng)景設(shè)計(jì)中。隨著它們的建立，這兩個(gè)公園極大地影響了美國和加拿大的風(fēng)景園林。BirkenheadParkTherefurbishedRomanBoathouseatBirkenheadPark,WirralonJanuary3,2007.BirkenheadP

24、arkwastheworldsfirstpublicparkandopenedin1847.VictoriaParkFrederick Law Olmsted: Father of American Landscape Architecture 弗里德里克弗里德里克.勞勞.奧姆斯特德：奧姆斯特德：“美國美國美國美國風(fēng)景園林之父風(fēng)景園林之父” ThehistoryoftheprofessioninNorthAmericabeginswithFrederickLawOlmsted,whorejectedthenamelandscapegardenerinfavorofthetitleoflands

25、capearchitect,whichhefeltbetterreflectedthescopeoftheprofession.北美風(fēng)景園林職業(yè)的歷史開始于弗里德里克.勞.奧姆斯特德，他取消了“風(fēng)景園藝師”的稱謂，以“風(fēng)景園林師”的稱呼取代之，他認(rèn)為這個(gè)叫法更能反映這個(gè)職業(yè)的范疇。In1863,officialuseofthedesignationlandscapearchitectbyNewYorksparkcommissionersmarkedthesymbolicgenesisoflandscapearchitectureasamoderndesignprofession.Olmsted

26、becameapioneerandvisionaryfortheprofession.Hisprojectsillustratehishighprofessionalstandards,includingthedesignofCentralParkinNewYorkwithCalvertVauxinthelate1850sandtheU.S.CapitolGroundsinthe1870s.OlmstedandtheBrookline,Mass.,firmhefoundedadvancedtheconceptofparksaswell-designed,functionalpublicgree

27、nspacesamidthegraynessoftheurbanareasthroughthewellpracticedprinciplesoflandscapearchitectureandcityplanning.1863年，紐約公園委員會(huì)正式采用“風(fēng)景園林師”稱謂，標(biāo)志著風(fēng)景園林成為一個(gè)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)的起始。奧姆斯特德成為這個(gè)職業(yè)的先驅(qū)者和具有遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)的人。他的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目說明了他高超的專業(yè)水平，其中包括他和卡爾沃特.沃克斯在19世紀(jì)50年代晚期設(shè)計(jì)的紐約中央公園，以及18世紀(jì)70年代美國國會(huì)大廈環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)。奧姆斯特德和他的在麻省的Brookline公司，進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了公園的概念在城市灰色區(qū)域中

28、，符合風(fēng)景園林和城市規(guī)劃實(shí)踐原理的，經(jīng)過良好設(shè)計(jì)、功能合理的公共綠地空間。U.S.CapitolGroundsEarly Developments: Late 1800s早期的發(fā)展：早期的發(fā)展：19世紀(jì)后期世紀(jì)后期Intheensuingyears,theprofessionoflandscapearchitecturebroadened.Itplayedamajorroleinfulfillingthegrowingnationalneedforwell-plannedandwell-designedurbanenvironments.Urbanparks,metropolitanparks

29、ystems,plannedsuburbanresidentialenclavesandcollegecampuseswereplannedanddevelopedinlargenumbers,climaxingwiththeCityBeautifulmovementattheturnofthecentury.在這之后的幾年，風(fēng)景園林職業(yè)的范圍更加寬泛。它在滿足國家對(duì)良好規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的城市環(huán)境日益增加的需要中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。大量城市公園、都市公園系統(tǒng)、郊區(qū)居住區(qū)和大學(xué)校園都進(jìn)行了規(guī)劃和開發(fā)，并且在世紀(jì)之交時(shí)，隨城市美化運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到高潮。TheWorldCentreTheCityBeautifulm

30、ovement,whichhadseenitsfinestexemplificationinthe1901-1902renovationofWashington,D.C.,believedthatinreformingthelandscapeandlookofacity,otherreformswouldspringforthandinspireitsinhabitantstomoralandcivicvirtue.Burnham,inparticular,Unfortunatelytheplan,submittedin1904,didnotreceiveimmediateattention,

31、andonthemorningofApril18,1906,theGreatEarthquakestruckcausingamassivefirethatburnedforthenextfourdaysanddevestatedmuchofthecity.EarthquakeAftermathCityBeautifulplanforTelegraphHillHisplanforSanFranciscoenvisionedahillyParisbytheGoldenGate(BrechininBenedict,95).Greatboulevardscuttingthroughthecitysex

32、istinggridwouldconvergespider-weblikeoncentralaxesthroughoutthecity.Togivethecityafocalpointforcivicandculturalactivities,muchliketheMallinthenationscapital,theplancalledforamagnificentcitycenter.Monumentalbuildingsofstonewouldreplacemanyofthewoodenshacksbuiltalongtheexistinggrid.Burnhamandhisfirmal

33、soproposedthatthecitydevoteone-thirdofitsareatoparksandgreenswardtoserveanestimatedpopulationofovertwomillion.Finally,grandstructureswouldsitatoptheapicesofthecitysmostprominenthillsasmemorialstothepioneersandmonumentstothecitysfutureinthePacific.(Brechin,151-153).Althoughtheprofessionitselfgrewslow

34、ly,itsearlypractitioners,includingOlmsted,VauxandHoraceCleveland,wereamongthefirsttotakepartinthetownplanningmovementandtoawakeninterestincivicdesign.Olmstedalsojoinedotherearlylandscapearchitectsinworkingonprojectsinotherurbansettings,suchasatYosemiteValleyandNiagaraFalls.盡管這個(gè)職業(yè)本身發(fā)展很慢，它早期的從業(yè)者，包括奧姆斯

35、特德、沃克斯和克里夫蘭，是最早參加城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃運(yùn)動(dòng)，喚起人們對(duì)城市設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)注的人群。奧姆斯特德也加入到早期從事其他城市環(huán)境項(xiàng)目的風(fēng)景園林師中，比如約瑟米蒂河谷和尼亞加拉大瀑布的規(guī)劃。In1899,theAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitectswasfoundedby11peopleinNewYorkmostofthemassociatedwithOlmsted.TheSocietycontinuedtorepresentlandscapearchitectsthroughouttheUnitedStates.In1900,Olmstedsson,FrederickLawOlmstedJr.,organizedandtaughtatHarvardUniversitysfirstcourseinlandscapearchitecture.1899年，美國風(fēng)景園林師協(xié)會(huì)由紐約11人發(fā)起，他們中大多數(shù)都與奧姆斯特德合作過。這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)一直代表著全美國的風(fēng)景園林。1900年，奧姆斯特德的兒子，小奧姆斯特德，在哈佛大學(xué)專業(yè)開設(shè)了第一門風(fēng)景園林課程。